Kinin b1 receptor peptide agonists and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides for novel kinin B 1  receptors peptide agonists of formula (1) having very good to excellent affinities and selectivity for the B 1  receptor, in vitro and in vivo increased resistance to enzymatic degradation, superior pharmacokinetic properties to those of naturally occurring agents, capacity to significantly enhance delivery of chemotherapeutic substances across the blood brain barrier and within peripheral tissues for the treatment of tumors, capacity to protect and restore kidney, heart, brain and other organ functions, when given alone or in combination with other therapies in the treatment of hypertension, diabetes and other cardiovascular diseases particularly, but not limited to, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. 
     
       
         
               
               
             
                 aa y -aa x -aa 0 -aa 1 -aa 2 -aa 3 -aa 4 -aa 5 -Ser 6 -Pro 7 -D-Phe 8 -X 
                 (1)

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

(a) Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to peptides derivatives of desArg⁹-bradykinin (desArg⁹-BK) which act as agonists at kinin B₁ receptors and their use as therapeutic agents.

(b) Description of Prior Art

Emerging findings suggest that the kallikrein-kinin system may play key position in blood pressure regulation and organ protection (Hagiwara et al., 2004, Hypertens Res 27(6), 399-408; Couture and Girolami, 2004, Eur J Pharmacol 500(1-3), 467-485). Kinins are a group of bioactive peptides formed by numerous tissues and within the blood. Kinins can be divided in two major subgroups of naturally occurring peptides namely bradykinin (BK), kallidin (LysBK), [Hyp³]-BK and Lys[Hyp³]-BK and their respective bioactive metabolites produced by carboxypeptidases M and N (alias kininases I), desArg⁹BK, LysdesArg⁹BK, [Hyp³]-desArg⁹BK and Lys[Hyp³]-desArg⁹BK. Actions of bradykinin and congeners and desArg⁹-related peptides are relayed via specific receptors referred to as B₂ and B₁, respectively, which are ubiquitously expressed on cell membranes in the affected tissues. Kinin B₂ and B₁ receptors are found in a variety of cells as endothelia, smooth muscles, epithelia, white blood cells. They mediate vascular smooth muscle relaxation via release of autacoids, particularly from the endothelium. This function provides the basic mechanism of peripheral vasodilatation which is responsible for a large part of their in vivo hypotensive effect (Duka et al., 2006, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab [Epub ahead of print]).

Contrary to B₂ receptors which are constitutively expressed, the B₁ receptors are usually not found in physiological conditions but is induced by various stimuli (i.e. cytokines) in several cell types including vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, neurons. Inducible B₁ receptors are involved in various types of vascular inflammation associated with diabetic, hypertensive conditions, and angiogenesis. The beneficial and protecting roles of kinin B₁ receptors in cardiovascular-related physiopathology have been recently reviewed (Couture and Girolami, vide supra). The induction of B₁ receptor and subsequent activation may be seen as self-defense mechanism elicited by the vasculature against recurrent deleterious ischemic/hypoxic episodes. This view is supported by several lines of evidence. Exogenous perfusion of naturally-occurring B₁ receptor agonist desArg⁹BK prior ischemic conditions, in a Langerdorff setup, decreased arrhythmias (Chahine et al., 1993, Brit J Pharmacol 108, 318-322) and protected endothelial functions in coronary arteries in the follow-up reperfusion process (Bouchard et al., 1998, Brit J Pharmacol 123, 413-420). In addition, systemic supplementation of a stable desArg⁹BK-related analogue caused a reparative angiogenesis in a murine of limb ischemic (Emanueli et al., 2002, Circulation 105, 360-366). The involvement of newly expressed B₁ receptors in reparative angiogenesis of wounded arteries was equally seen in an animal model of balloon angioplasty (Pruneau et al., 1994, Brit J Pharmacol 111, 1029-1034; Agata et al., 2000, Hypertension 36,364-370). Also, the important role of B1 receptors in preservation of cardiac function after myocardial infarction has recently been demonstrated using kinin B1 receptor gene knockout mice (Xu et al., 2005, Hypertension 45, 747-753)

These salutary actions, within macro- and micro-vascular networks, lies in part on capacity of kinins including desArg⁹-BK derivatives to promote the release of nitric oxide and prostaglandins, which may serve as cytoprotective, angiogenic and dilatory factors thereby preserving functions and oxygenation of vital organs (Kichuk et al., 1996, Circulation 94, 44-51; Emanueli et al. vide supra; Sharma and Thani, 2004, IDrugs 7, 926-934). However, naturally-occurring B₁ receptor agonists LysdesArg⁹BK and desArg⁹BK as many other endogenous peptide hormones, are subjected to rapid proteolysis by tissue and plasma enzymes, which limit their therapeutic potential (Rhaleb et al., 1990, Brit Pharmacol 99, 445-448; Drapeau et al., 1991, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 259, 997-1003). There is therefore a need for metabolically stable and potent compounds with long duration of action capable of selectively activating B₁ receptors which interestingly, are not prone to desensitization after exposure with their cognate ligands. Compounds of the present invention may be pharmacologically exploited for post-ischemic healing (Couture and Girolami, vide supra; Emanueli et al, vide supra; Hagiwara et at vide supra; Duguay et at, 2004, Brit J Pharmacol 141(4), 728-736; Emanueli and Madeddu, 2001, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 22(9), 478-484; Parenti et al., 2001, FASEB J 15(8), 1487-1489).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to new biologically active peptides derivatives of the general formula (1) which act as agonists at the kinin B₁ receptors:

aa^(y)-aa^(x)-aa⁰-aa¹-aa²-aa³-aa⁴-aa⁵-Ser⁶-Pro⁷-D-Phe⁸-X (1)

wherein:

X is OH or NH₂

aa^(y) is Sar, acetyl or other acyl group;

aa^(x) is Arg, Lys, Orn (L- or D-configuration) or another basic amino acid of the L- or D-configuration, L- or D-Cit or not substituted at this position;

aa⁰ is Arg, Lys, Orn (L or D-configuration) or another basic amino acid of the L- or D-configuration, L- or D-Cit or not substituted at this position;

aa¹ is Arg or D-Arg;

aa² is Pro, Oic, or another Pro-mimic amino acid, Hyp, α-(Me)Pro or another Pro-mimic amino acid derivative;

aa³ is Pro, or another Pro-mimic amino acid, Hyp, Oic, α-(Me)Pro or another Pro-mimic amino acid derivative;

aa⁴ is Gly, ethyl amine, or Aib;

aa⁵ is Phe, Acc, Cha, Chg, Cpg, Igl, Pen, 4Bip, Phg or Thi; and

D-Phe⁸ is D-Phe or α-(Me)Phe.

According to the above formula, residues -aa²-aa³-aa⁴- may be replaced by an aliphatic ω-amino carboxyl (8 carbons chain length) linkers, and residues -aa²-aa³-aa⁴-Phe⁵- may be replaced by an aliphatic ω-amino carboxyl (11 carbons chain length) linkers.

Thus the present invention relates to peptide derivatives acting as selective agonists toward B₁ receptor, that at least

1) have good to high affinity and selectivity for the B₁ receptor, and represent long lasting B1 receptor agonists.

2) are more resistant to in vitro and in vivo enzymatic degradation.

3) have pharmacokinetic properties superior to those of naturally occurring agents.

All references referred herein are hereby incorporated by reference.

For the purpose of the present invention the following abbreviations are defined in Table 1 below.

As used herein, abbreviations of natural α-amino acids are those accepted in the art (IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature: Symbols for amino acids derivatives and peptides 1972. Biochem J 126, 773-780), and unless prefix with D are all L-configuration.

TABLE 1 Ac Acetyl acyl C_(n)H_(2n+1)—CO—, where: n = 2-15 Aib α-aminoisobutyric acid Acc 1-amino-1-cyclopentane carboxylic acid Boc tert-butyloxy carbonyl Cit Citrulline Cha β-cyclohexyl-alanine Chg α-cyclohexyl-glycine Cpg α-cyclopentyl-glycine 4Bip 4-Phenyl-phenylalanine DBU diazabicyclo[5.4.0] undec-7-ene DCC Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide DCM dichloromethane DIAD diisopropyl azodicarbonate DIEA N,N-diisopropylethyl amine DME 1,2-dimethoxyethane DMF N,N-dimethylformamide Fmoc 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl HATU O-(7-Azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate Hyp trans-4-hydroxy-Pro Igl α-indanylglycine Me Methyl α-(Me)Phe α-methyl-phenylalanine α-(Me)Pro α-methyl-proline o-NBS ortho-nitrobenzenesulfonyl NMO N-methylmorpholine oxide Pen Penicillamine Phg Phenylglycine Pro-mimic 5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; 3,4-dehydro- proline; azetidine-2-carboxylic acid; trans-4-cyano- proline; cis-4-cyano-proline; 2-ethylthiazolidine-4- carboxylic acid; thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; 3-phenylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid Oic (2S,3aS,7aS)-1-octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid Orn Ornithine Sar Sarcosine TBTU O-(benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate Thi β-(2-thienyl)-alanine TIPS triisopropyl silane TFA trifluoroacetic acid TPP Triphenylphosphine

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Preferred B₁ receptor peptide agonists of the present invention may be illustrated by the following Tables 2 and 3.

TABLE 2  1 aa^(y) aa^(x) aa⁰ Arg¹ Aa² aa³ aa⁴ aa⁵ Ser⁶ Pro⁷ D-Phe⁸  2 Ac Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe  3 acyl Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe  4 Sar Arg (L or D) Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe  5 Ac Arg (L or D) Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe  6 acyl Arg (L or D) Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe  7 Sar Arg (L or D) Arg Pro Hyp Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe  8 Ac Arg (L or D) Arg Pro Hyp Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe  9 acyl Arg (L or D) Arg Pro Hyp Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe 10 Sar Lys (L or D) Arg Pro Hyp Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe 11 Ac Lys (L or D) Arg Pro Hyp Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe 12 acyl Lys (L or D) Arg Pro Hyp Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe 13 Sar Orn (L or D) Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe 14a acyl Arg (L or D) Arg (L or D) Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe 14b Sar Arg (L or D) Arg (L or D) Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe 15a Ac Lys (L or D) Lys (L or D) Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe 15b Sar Lys (L or D) Lys (L or D) Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro D-Phe 16 Sar Lys or Arg Arg Pro Pro or Hyp Gly Acc Ser Pro D-Phe 17 Sar Lys or Arg Arg Pro Pro or Hyp Gly 4Bip Ser Pro D-Phe 18 Sar Lys or Arg Arg Pro Pro or Hyp Gly Cha Ser Pro D-Phe 19 Sar Lys or Arg Arg Pro Pro or Hyp Gly Pen Ser Pro D-Phe 20 Sar Lys or Arg Arg Pro Pro or Hyp Gly Thi Ser Pro D-Phe 21 Sar Lys or Arg Arg Pro Pro or Hyp Gly Cpg Ser Pro D-Phe 22 Sar Lys or Arg Arg Pro Pro or Hyp Gly Chg Ser Pro D-Phe 23 Sar Lys or Arg Arg Pro Pro or Hyp Gly Phg Ser Pro D-Phe 24 Sar Lys or Arg Arg NH—(CH₂)₇—CO Phe Ser Pro D-Phe 25 Ac Lys or Arg Arg NH—(CH₂)₇—CO Phe Ser Pro D-Phe 26a Sar Orn Arg NH—(CH₂)₇—CO Phe Ser Pro D-Phe 26b Ac Orn Arg NH—(CH₂)₇—CO Phe Ser Pro D-Phe 27 Sar Lys or Arg Arg NH—(CH₂)₁₀—CO Ser Pro D-Phe 28 Ac Lys or Arg Arg NH—(CH₂)₁₀—CO Ser Pro D-Phe 29 Sar Orn Arg NH—(CH₂)₁₀—CO Ser Pro D-Phe 30 Ac Orn Arg NH—(CH₂)₁₀—CO Ser Pro D-Phe

TABLE 3  2 AcArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X  3 acylArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X  4a SarArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X  4b SarD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X  5a AcArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X  5b AcD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X  6a acylArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X  6b acylD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X  7a SarArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X  7b SarD-ArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X  8a AcArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X  8b AcD-ArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X  9a acylArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X  9b acylD-ArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 10a SarLysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 10b SarD-LysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 11a AcLysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X llb AcD-LysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 12a acylLysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 12b acylD-LysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 13a SarOrnArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 13b SarD-OrnArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 14a acylArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 14b acyID-ArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 14c acylArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 14d acylD-ArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 14ba SarArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 14bb SarD-ArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 14bc SarArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 14bd SarD-ArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 15a AcLysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 15b AcD-LysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 15c AcLysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 15d AcD-LysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 15ba SarLysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 15bb SarD-LysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 15bc SarLysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 15bd SarD-LysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X 16a SarLysArgProHypGlyAccSerProD-Phe-X 16b SarArgArgProHypGlyAccSerProD-Phe-X 17a SarLysArgProHypGly4BipSerProD-Phe-X 17b SarArgArgProHypGly4BipSerProD-Phe-X 18a SarLysArgProHypGlyChaSerProD-Phe-X 18b SarArgArgProHypGlyChaSerProD-Phe-X 19a SarLysArgProHypGlyPenSerProD-Phe-X 19b SarArgArgProHypGlyPenSerProD-Phe-X 20a SarLysArgProHypGlyThiSerProD-Phe-X 20b SarArgArgProHypGlyThiSerProD-Phe-X 21a SarLysArgProHypGlyCpgSerProD-Phe-X 21b SarArgArgProHypGlyCpgSerProD-Phe-X 22a SarLysArgProHypGlyChgSerProD-Phe-X 22b SarArgArgProHypGlyChgSerProD-Phe-X 23a SarLysArgProHypGlyPhgSerProD-Phe-X 23b SarArgArgProHypGlyPhgSerProD-Phe-X 24a SarLysArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X 24b SarArgArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X 25a AcLysArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X 25b AcArgArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X 26a SarOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X 26b AcOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X 27a SarLysArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X 27b SarArgArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X 28a AcLysArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X 28b AcArgArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X 29 SarOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X 39 AcOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X

The synthesis of peptides described herein, including the preparation of appropriate amino acid derivatives, their activation and coupling to form peptides and methods for purification of peptides and determination of their purity are included in the general body of knowledge of peptide chemistry, as generally described in “Solid phase peptide synthesis” by Stewart and Young (1984, Solid phase peptide synthesis. Pierce Chemical Company, 2^(nd) Edition) for the solution-phase synthesis and solid phase method.

Therapeutic applications of desArg⁹BK-related B₁ receptor agonists are based upon recognized beneficial actions mediated by kinin B₁ receptors such as vasodilatation/hypotension, neo-vascularization, angiogenesis, anti-ischemia, increase of vascular permeability specifically in surrounding brain tumors, and include treatment of pathological conditions where amount of exogenous B₁ receptor agonists is needed. These conditions may include treatment of life-threatening diseases specifically hypertension and diabetes associated with vasculopathies. Compounds of the present invention may be used to prevent and/or reverse end-organ failure, owing to lack of tissue perfusion, in hypertensive and diabetic patients. Such considerations may be extended to other diseases including cerebral and coronary artery diseases, to reduce incidence of stroke and myocardial infarction, respectively, and peripheral arterial disease to improve mobility of afflicted individuals. Another therapeutic application of the present invention covers atherosclerotic coronary artery diseases where balloon angioplasty is to be performed to restore blood flow to blood-deprived heart tissue. Restenosis (repeat narrowing or blockage) of injured heart coronary vessels is frequently observed, usually one-third of the time, following angioplasty procedure. Kinin B₁ receptors stimulants, owing to their angiogenic properties, may assist to lower the rate of recurrence or restenosis.

Limited therapeutic success in the treatment of central nervous system neoplasia with chemotherapy is attributed partly by delivery impediment related to blood brain barrier. Different approaches have been advocated to improve delivery across the blood brain barrier (Black, 1995, Adv Drug Delivery Rev 15, 37-52). Amongst these approaches, the infusion of proteolytically resistant bradykinin and desArg⁹BK surrogates to modulate permeability of the neoplastic blood vessels, have been studied (Emerich et al., 2000, Pharm Res 17, 1212-1219; Cardoso et al., 2004, BMC Neurosci 5, 38). Pharmacological approach, using kinin B₂ receptor synthetic peptide agonist, has also prove successful for delivery of chemotherapeutics to solid peripheral tumors thereby increasing their efficacy (Emerich et al., 2001, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 296, 623-631). Altogether, these findings underscore the kinin B₁ (and B₂) receptors as potential targets to cure and/or to improve the quality of life of cancer patients.

Compounds of the present invention may be administered topically, subcutaneously, or by injection or infusion or delivered using suited biodegradable microsphere-based carrier systems or as an oral suspension in an appropriate vehicle or as tablets, pills, capsules, caplets or the like. The dosage regimen and manner of administration will be defined by the application of the B₁ receptor peptide agonists and as per standard clinical testing to find the optimal dose.

The present invention will be more readily understood by referring to the following examples which are given to illustrate the invention rather than to limit its scope.

Example 1 Peptide Synthesis

Synthesis of the kinin B₁ receptor agonists of the present invention by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) may be carried out manually (see Stewart & Young and K. Wisniewski) or by use of the Applied Bioscience 430A for Boc-amino acids or by use of Pioneer™ continuous flow peptide synthesis system for Fmoc-amino acids. SPPS involves use of standard procedures, defined as follows:

General Method Involving Boc-Strategy

Procedure A, DCC coupling reaction: A 4-fold excess of Boc-amino acids over resin substitution rate is used in the Applied Bioscience 430A synthesizer. Boc-amino acids are activated for coupling with an equimolar amount of DCC and 2 equivalents of DIEA. The solvent may be DCM, DMF, or NMP. The resin is washed with the same solvent before and after coupling. Completeness of coupling is determined with a Kaiser test.

Procedure B, TFA deprotection and neutralization: The deprotection reagent is 40% TFA in DCM, containing 1 mg/mL N-acetyl-LD-tryptophan. It is used for 30 min, following a prewash. The neutralization reagent is 20% DIEA in DCM.

Procedure C, N-Terminal acylation: A 5-fold excess of acyl chlorides and 10-fold excess of DIEA over peptide-resin are used in DCM for 30 min. The resin is washed with the same solvent after completion of the reaction.

Procedure D, HF cleavage: A batch of 0.5 mmole of peptide-resin is mixed with 1.0 mL anisole and chilled in the reaction vessel (resistant to HF) to −78° C., and 10 ml of anhydrous HF is distilled into the vessel under vacuum. The mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 1 h, and the HF is evaporated first under a nitrogen flow, then under vacuum. The peptide and resin mixture is washed three times with dry ether, and the peptide is extracted into 50% acetic acid. The peptide solution is concentrated under vacuum, diluted in water, and lyophilized.

Procedure E, Purification: Preparative medium pressure chromatography may be carried out on a reversed phase C18 silica column in a gradient of 0.1% TFA in water to 0.05% TFA in acetonitrile. Eluted peptide is detected by UV at 254 nm. Analytical HPLC may be carried out in the same system to identified pure fractions.

Procedure F, Characterization: Final products are identified by analytical HPLC and by mass spectroscopy. MALDI spectra are recorded on a Tofspec™ 2E (micromass, UK).

General Method Involving Fmoc-Strategy

The approach is an alternative approach of peptides synthesis and standard with Mitsunobu reaction ω-amino acids residues. Synthesis may be carried out by use of Pioneer™ continuous flow peptide synthesis system.

Procedure G: The resin is placed in the column and a 2 to 4-fold excess of Fmoc-protected amino acids over resin substitution rate is placed in the sampler tray. Synthesis is performed using amine free DMF. All solutions needed for the solid phase continuous flow synthesis are prepared and loaded in the synthesizer. The synthesis protocol is prepared, loaded into the synthesizer, and run in normal or extended cycle mode. Fmoc deprotection is performed in 20% piperidine in DMF and monitored through UV detector at 364 nm. Fmoc-protected amino acids are activated for coupling with an equimolar amount of HATU or TBTU, and 2 equivalents of DIEA.

Procedure H, N-terminal caping (acetylation): This step is optional and can be included in the synthesis protocol. The acetylation reagents are 5% acetic anhydride and 6% 2,4-lutidine in DMF. The resin is washed with the same solvent and isopropanol after completion of the reaction. The resin is removed from the column synthesizer and dried under vacuum 12 hours.

Procedure I, TFA cleavage: The cleavage solution, TFA: water: TIPS (95%:2.5%:2.5%), is mixed with peptide-resin, and stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The resin is filtrated and the peptide is precipitated in dry ether. The suspension is centrifuged. The ether solution is decanted and the precipitated peptide is dissolved in water and lyophilized. The peptide is purified and characterized as described in procedures E and F.

Example 2 Synthesis of N-Terminal Alkylated Analogues

The peptide chain is assembled by Fmoc strategy. O-NBS group is introduced after Fmoc deprotection at the N-terminal position as described in procedure J followed by 0.1 mmol of o-NBS-aa_(n)-resin (0.2-0.6 mmol/g) is suspended in 1 mL of DME, and 1 mmol of appropriate alcohol is added to the suspension. Mistunobu reaction and deprotection of the o-NBS group are performed as described in procedure J. After the desired peptide is assembled, the resin is treated with 10 equivalent of 1 M solution of mercaptoethanol/DBU in DMF for 1 h, and washed thoroughly with DMF and DCM. The peptide is then cleaved with an appropriate TFA cocktail, see procedure I. The peptide is purified and characterized as described in procedures E and F.

Example 3 Functional Assays

In vitro and in vivo bioassays were used to assess the potency and selectivity indexes of peptide compounds at the inducible kinin B₁ receptor subtype.

In Vitro Functional Assays (Isolated Preparations in Organ Baths)

Selected compounds were tested for activities in three isolated vessels: the rabbit aorta (rbA) and jugular vein (rbJV) and the human umbilical vein (hUV). All details regarding the collection and handling of human umbilical cords and rabbit vessels as well as, the procedures for preparing the isolated organs and the experimental protocols are described in these publications: (Gobeil et al., 1996, Br J Pharmacol 118, 289-294; Gobeil et al., 1999, Hypertension 33(3), 823-829). The rbA and the hUV without endothelium (which contains B₁ receptors) were used to determine the agonistic activities of each compound expressed in term of pEC₅₀ values (-log of the molar concentration of agonist required to produce 50% of the maximal response). The rabbit jugular vein (which contains only B₂ receptor) was used to exclude any action of the new compounds at B₂ receptors and thus establish their selectivity.

In Vivo Functional Assays (Rabbit Blood Pressure Model)

Selected compounds were tested as hypotensive agents in anesthetized rabbits. Surgical procedures and experimental methodologies used herein are based upon previous detailed reports (Gobeil et al., 1999, Immunopharmacol 43: 179-185; Gobeil et al., vide supra). Pathogen-free rabbits (which do not express functional B₁ receptors) were anesthetized with a mixed solution of ketamine/xylazine injected intramuscularly in experiments designed to study possible interaction of the compounds with B₂ receptors The trachea was intubated to facilitate breathing. Mean arterial blood pressure was continuously monitored by inserting a polyethylene catheter (filled with heparinized saline solution) into the right carotid artery attached to a transducer (model TDX-300; Micro-Med Inc., KY, USA) connected to a blood pressure analyzer (model BPA-400a; Micro-Med Inc., KY, USA). A second arterectomy was performed on the left carotid artery for the administration of graded doses of compounds into the aorta. In experiments designed to study potency of compounds at B₁ receptors in rabbits, the anesthetic sodium pentobarbital (30 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.) through the auricular vein) was used instead of the ketamine/xylasine solution. For this purpose, rabbits were immunostimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (50 μg/kg i.v.) 5 hr before inducing the anesthesia; this endotoxin is a well known potent inducer of B₁ receptor expression both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Hypotensive activities and duration of action of peptide compounds were measured following their intra-aortic administration as described in Gobeil et al. (1999, Hypertension 33(3), 823-829).

Example 4 Enzymatic Stability Studies

Enzymatic resistance of peptide compounds were measured in harsh conditions using rabbit lung and kidney extracts prepared as reported (Tramontana et al., 2001, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 296(3), 1051-1057) with minor modifications. Briefly, animals were euthanized, organs harvested and cleaned from connective and adipose tissues. Tissues were then homogenized with a Polytron homogenizer in 5 volumes (w/v) of cold buffer consisting of Tris HCl 50 mM pH 7.5, NaCl 300 mM and ZnCl₂ 10 μM, and centrifuged at 1500 g for 15 min at 4° C. Concentration of proteins from the resulting supernatant was determined using Bradford method with bovine serum as standard. Peptide compounds (150 μM) were incubated at 37° C. in the presence of tissue enzymatic extracts (200 μg proteins) for different times (0, 15, 60 min) in a total reaction medium of 250 μl. The naturally-occurring B₁ receptor agonist LysdesArg⁹-BK served as reference peptide. Hydrolysis was stopped by immersing samples in boiling water.

Separation of peptide substrates and their metabolites was achieved by reverse-phase HPLC on a C₁₈ μBondpak column (Waters Associates) with a linear gradient of 5% to 65% of water/acetonitrile (both containing 0.05% TFA) at 1 mL/min over a period of 20 min, as described (Gobeil et al., 1999, vide supra). A 50 μL aliquot of each assay was injected into the column. Peptide metabolism was calculated from the decrease in peptide substrate concentration. The elution positions of the peptides were determined following the absorbance at 214 nm and peak area integration was calculated using a computer software program (Baseline 810, Waters).

Example 5 Blood Brain Barrier Opening

The delivery potency of peptide compounds was studied in syngeneic F98-Fischer glioma rat model based on previous reports (Barth, 1998, J Neurooncol 36, 91-102; Mathieu et al., 2005, The J Appl Res 5(1), 17-25). Briefly, the F98 cell line was cultured in monolayer and stereotactically implanted (1×10⁴ cells in a volume of 5 μl; 1 μl/min) in the right frontal lobe of Fischer rats using standardized and validated coordinates. In this model, the tumor take has been shown to be 100%. Moreover, this model has been shown to adequately emulate the situation of primary malignant brain tumors in the human (Mathieu at al., vide supra). At 14 days post-implantation, rats were anesthetized with ketamine/xylazine solution. Blood brain barrier disruption was performed in rats by administering specific B₁ interacting peptides or vehicle (isotonic saline) into the internal carotid artery in a retrograde fashion from the external carotid after catheter implantation. The infusion rates of peptide or vehicle (total volume injected: 500 μl) were set at 10 nmol/kg/min for 5 min followed by a 20 min resting period. Animals were perfused via the same catheter using paraformaldehyde/glutaraldehyde solution, Brain tissues were than collected, embedded in paraffin, sectioned (3 μm) using a dedicated brain matrix and prepared for immunohistochemistry for albumin quantification (as marker of the extent of barrier opening) (Fortin, 2003, Prokai L, Prokai-Tatrai K eds. Peptide transport and delivery to the CNS. Progress in drug research, Birkhauser, Swittzerland, 61, 127-154). This quantification was expressed as the ratio of immunostaining regions against the treated cerebral hemisphere (Fortin, 2003, vide supra).

While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variations, uses, or adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known or customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth, and as follows in the scope of the appended claims.

REFERENCES

-   IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature: Symbols for amino     acids derivatives and peptides 1972. Biochem J 126, 773-780 -   Agata at al., 2000, Hypertension 36,364-370 -   Barth, 1998, J Neurooncol 36, 91-102 -   Black, 1995, Adv Drug Delivery Rev 15, 37-52 -   Bouchard et al., 1998, Brit J Pharmacol 123, 413-420 -   Cardoso et al., 2004, BMC Neurosci 5, 38 -   Chahine et al., 1993, Brit J Pharmacol 108, 318-322 -   Couture and Girolami, 2004, Eur J Pharmacol 500(1-3), 467-485 -   Drapeau et al., 1991, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 259, 997-1003 -   Duguay et al., 2004, Brit J Pharmacol 141(4), 728-736 -   Duka et al., 2001, Circ Res 88, 275-281 -   Duka et al., 2006, Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab [Epub ahead of     print] -   Emanueli and Madeddu, 2001, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 22(9), 478-484 -   Emanueli et al., 2002, Circulation 105, 360-366 -   Emerich et al., 2000, Pharm Res 17, 1212-1219 -   Emerich et al., 2001, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 296, 623-631 -   Fortin, 2003, Prokai L, Prokai-Tatrai K eds. Peptide transport and     delivery to the CNS, Progress in drug research, Birkhauser,     Swittzerland, 61, 127-154 -   Gobeil et al., 1996, Br J Pharmacol 118, 289-294 -   Gobeil et al., 1999, Immunopharmacol 43, 179-185 -   Gobeil et al., 1999, Hypertension 33(3), 823-829 -   Hagiwara et al., 2004, Hypertens Res 27(6), 399-408 -   Kichuk et al., 1996, Circulation 94, 44-51 -   Mathieu et al., 2005, The J Appl Res 5(1), 17-25 -   Parenti et al., 2001, FASEB J 15(8), 1487-1489 -   Pruneau et al., 1994, Brit J Pharmacol 111, 1029-1034 -   Rhaleb et al., 1990, Brit J Pharmacol 99, 445-448 -   Sharma and Thani, 2004, Drug 7(10): 926-934 -   Stewart and Young, 1984, Solid phase peptide synthesis. Pierce     Chemical Company, 2^(nd) Edition -   Tramontana et al., 2001, J Pharmacol Exp Ther 296(3), 1051-1057 -   Xu et al., 2005, Hypertension 45(4): 747-753 

1-20. (canceled)
 21. A method for reducing the risks of kidney failure due to a lack of tissue perfusion in a patient suffering from diabetes, said method comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound of formula (1) aa^(y)-aa^(x)-aa⁰-aa¹-aa²-aa³-aa⁴-aa⁵-Ser⁶-Pro⁷-D-Phe⁸-X (1)

or a salt thereof; wherein: X is OH or NH₂; aa^(y) is Sar, acetyl or other acyl group; aa^(x) is L-Arg, D-Arg, L-Lys, D-Lys, L-Orn, D-Orn, another basic amino acid of the L or D-configuration, L-Cit, D-Cit or is absent; aa⁰ is L-Arg, D-Arg, L-Lys, D-Lys, L-Orn, D-Orn, another basic amino acid of the L or D-configuration, or L-Cit, D-Cit; aa¹ is L-Arg or D-Arg; aa² is L-Pro, L-Oic, another L-Pro mimic amino acid, L-Hyp, L-α-(Me)Pro or another Pro-mimic amino acid derivative chosen from 5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; 3,4-dehydro-proline; azetidine-2-carboxylic acid; trans-4-cyano-proline; cis-4-cyano-proline; 2-ethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; and 3-phenylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid; aa³ is L-Pro, or another L-Pro-mimic amino acid, L-Hyp, L-Oic, L-α-(Me)Pro or another Pro-mimic amino acid derivative chosen from 5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; 3,4-dehydro-proline; azetidine-2-carboxylic acid; trans-4-cyano-proline, cis-4-cyano-proline; 2-ethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; and 3-phenylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid; aa⁴ is Gly, ethyl amine, or Aib, aa⁵ is L-Phe, D-Phe, Acc, L-Cha, D-Cha, L-Chg, D-Chg, L-Cpg, D-Cpg, L-Igl, D-Igl, L-Pen, D-Pen, L-4Bip, D-4Bip, L-Phg, D-Phg, L-Thi, or D-Thi; and D-Phe⁸ is D-Phe. or -aa²-aa³-aa⁴- is an aliphatic ω-amino carboxyl residue with a chain length of 8 carbon atoms; and X, aa^(y), aa^(x), aa⁰, aa¹, aa⁵, and D-Phe⁸ are as previously defined; or -aa²⁻-aa³-aa⁴-aa⁵- is an aliphatic ω-amino carboxyl residue with a chain length of 11 carbon atoms; and X, aa^(y), aa^(x), aa⁰, aa¹, and D-Phe⁸ are as previously defined.
 22. The method of claim 21, wherein said compound is chosen from: SarArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-ArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-ArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acyLD-ArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-LysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcLysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-LysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylLysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylD-LysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarOrnAraProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-OrnArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acyLD-ArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylD-ArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-ArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-ArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcLysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-LysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcLysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-LysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-LysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-LysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypayAccSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyAccSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGly4BipSerProDPhe-X SarArgArgProHypGly4BipSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyChaSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyChaSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPenSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyPenSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyThiSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyThiSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyCpgSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyCogSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyChgSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyChgSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPhgSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyPh9SerProD-Phe-X SarLysArGNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X AcLysArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X AcArgArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X SarOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X AcOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X AcLysArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X AcArgArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X SarOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X AcOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyIglSerProD-Phe-X and SarArgArgProHypGlyIglSerProD-Phe-X.


23. The method of claim 21, wherein said compound is chosen from: SarLysArgProHypGlyChaSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPhgSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyIglSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPenSerProD-Phe-X and SarLysArgProHypGlyCpgSerProD-Phe-X.


24. A method for treating peripheral and coronary arterial diseases in a patient in need thereof, said method comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound of formula (1) aa^(y)-aa^(x)-aa⁰-aa¹-aa²-aa³-aa⁴-aa⁵-Ser⁶-Pro⁷-D-Phe⁸-X (1)

or a salt thereof; wherein: X is OH or NH₂; aa^(y) is Sar, acetyl or other acyl group; aa^(x) is L-Arg, D-Arg, L-Lys, D-Lys, L-Orn, D-Orn, another basic amino acid of the L or D-configuration, L-Cit, D-Cit or is absent; aa⁰ is L-Arg, D-Arg, L-Lys, D-Lys, L-Orn, D-Orn, another basic amino acid of the L or D-configuration, or L-Cit, D-Cit; aa¹ is L-Arg or D-Arg; aa² is L-Pro, L-Oic, another L-Pro mimic amino acid, L-Hyp, L-α-(Me)Pro or another Pro-mimic amino acid derivative chosen from 5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; 3,4-dehydro-proline; azetidine-2-carboxylic acid; trans-4-cyano-proline; cis-4-cyano-proline; 2-ethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; and 3-phenylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid; aa³ is L-Pro, or another L-Pro-mimic amino acid, L-Hyp, L-Oic, L-α-(Me)Pro or another Pro-mimic amino acid derivative chosen from 5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; 3,4-dehydro-proline; azetidine-2-carboxylic acid; trans-4-cyano-proline; cis-4-cyano-proline; 2-ethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; and 3-phenylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid; aa⁴ is Gly, ethyl amine, or Aib; aa⁵ is L-Phe, D-Phe, Acc, L-Cha, D-Cha, L-Chg, D-Chg, L-Cpg, D-Cpg, L-Igl, D-Igl, L-Pen, D-Pen, L-4Bip, D-4Bip, L-Phg, D-Phg, L-Thi, or D-Thi; and D-Phe⁵ is D-Phe. or -aa²-aa³-aa⁴- is an aliphatic ω-amino carboxyl residue with a chain length of 8 carbon atoms; and X, aa^(y), aa^(x), aa⁰, aa¹, aa⁵, and D-Phe⁸ are as previously defined; or -aa²-aa³-aa⁴-aa⁵- is an aliphatic ω-amino carboxyl residue with a chain length of 11 carbon atoms; and X, aa^(y), aa^(x), aa⁰, aa¹, and D-Phe⁸ are as previously defined.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein said compound is chosen from: SarArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X aloyID-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-ArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-ArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylD-ArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-LysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcLysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AclD-LysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylLysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acyID-LysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarOrnArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-OrnArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acy1D-ArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylD-ArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-ArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SayArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-ArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcLysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-LysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcLysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-LysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysLysArgProProGlyPheSerPreD-Phe-X SarD-LysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-LysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyAccSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyAccSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGly4BipSerProD-Phe-X SerArgArgProHypGly4BipSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyChaSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypayChaSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPenSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyPenSerProD-Phe-X SarLyeArgProHypGlyThiSerProD-Phe-X SerArgArgProHypGlyThiSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyCpgSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyCpgSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyChgSerPreD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyChgSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPhgSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyPhgSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X AcLysArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X AcArgArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X SarOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X AcOrnArgNH(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X AcLysArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X AcArgArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X SarOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X AcOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyIglSerProD-Phe-X and SarArgArgProllyoGlyIglSerProD-Phe-X.


26. The method of claim 24, wherein said compound is chosen from: SarLysArgProHypGlyChaSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPhgSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyIglSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPenSerProD-Phe-X and SarLysArgProHypGlyCpgSerProD-Phe-X.


27. A method for adjunct treatment of coronary diseases with balloon catheter angioplasty, said method comprising the step of administering to a patient in need thereof a compound of formula (1); aa^(Y)-aa^(x)-aa⁰-aa¹-aa²-aa³-aa⁴-aa⁵-Ser⁶-Pro⁷-D-Phe⁸-X (1)

or a salt thereof; wherein: X is OH or NH₂; aa^(y) is Sar, acetyl or other acyl group; aa^(x) is L-Arg, D-Arg, L-Lys, D-Lys, L-Orn, D-Orn, another basic amino acid of the L or D-configuration, L-Cit, D-Cit or is absent; aa⁰ is L-Arg, D-Arg, L-Lys, D-Lys, L-Orn, D-Orn, another basic amino acid of the L or D-configuration, or L-Cit, D-Cit; aa¹ is L-Arg or D-Arg; aa² is L-Pro, L-Oic, another L-Pro mimic amino acid, L-Hyp, L-α-(Me)Pro or another Pro-mimic amino acid derivative chosen from 5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; 3,4-dehydro-proline, azetidine-2-carboxylic acid; trans-4-cyano-proline; cis-4-cyano-proline; 2-ethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; and 3-phenylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid; aa³ is L-Pro, or another L-Pro-mimic amino acid, L-Hyp, L-Oic, L-α-(Me)Pro or another Pro-mimic amino acid derivative chosen from 5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; 3,4-dehydro-proline; azetidine-2-carboxylic acid; trans-4-cyano-proline; cis-4-cyano-proline; 2-ethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; thiazolidine-2-carboxylic acid; 2-methylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid; and 3-phenylpyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid; aa⁴ is Gly, ethyl amine, or Aib; aa⁵ is L-Phe, D-Phe, Acc, L-Cha, D-Cha, L-Chg, D-Chg, L-Cpg, D-Cpg, L-Igl, D-Igl, L-Pen, D-Pen, L-4Bip, D-4Bip, L-Phg, D-Phg, L-Thi, or D-Thi; and D-Phe⁸ is D-Phe. or -aa²-aa³-aa⁴- is an aliphatic ω-amino carboxyl residue with a chain length of 8 carbon atoms; and X, aa^(y), aa^(x), aa⁰, aa¹, aa⁵, and D-Phe⁸ are as previously defined; or -aa²-aa³-aa⁴-aa⁵- is an aliphatic ω-amino carboxyl residue with a chain length of 11 carbon atoms; and X, aa^(y), aa^(x), aa⁰, aa¹, and D-Phe⁸ are as previously defined.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein said compound is chosen from: SarArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHlypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-ArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-ArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylD-ArgArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SaralysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcLysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-LysArgProHypayPheSerProD-Phe-X acylLysArgProHypayPheSerProD-Phe-X acylD-LysArgProHypGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarOrnArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-OrnArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylD-ArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X acylD-Arga-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-ArgArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarArgD-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-Arga-ArgArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcLysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-LysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcLysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X AcD-LysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysLysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-LysLysArgProProGisePheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProD-Phe-X SarD-LysD-LysArgProProGlyPheSerProDPhe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyAccSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyAccSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGly4BipSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGly4BipSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyChaSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyChaSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPenSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyPenSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyThiSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyThiSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyCpgSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyCpgSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyChgSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyChgSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPhgSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgProHypGlyPhgSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X AcLysArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X AcArgArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X SarOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X AcOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₇-COPheSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X SarArgArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X ActysArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X AcArgArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X SarOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀COSerProD-Phe-X AcOrnArgNH-(CH₂)₁₀-COSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyIgiSerProD-Phe-X and SarArgArgProHypGlyIglSerProD-Phe-X


29. The method of claim 27, wherein said compound is chosen from: SarLysArgProHypGlyChaSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPhgSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyIglSerProD-Phe-X SarLysArgProHypGlyPenSerProD-Phe-X and SarLysArgProHypGlyCpgSerProD-Phe-X, 